May It Please The Court: Weblog of legal news and observations, including a quote of the day and daily updates
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Quote of the Day - Jails and prisons are the complement of schools; so many less as you have of the latter, so many more must you have of the former.
Convicted Killer of Seven Wants Playstation in Jail CellSues to Get Toy; You Be the JudgeYou may never have heard of Julian Knight, but that's likely because not only is he down under, but he's also under sentence. Seven of them. Life sentences, that is. Knight (I can't bring myself to put a "Mr." before his name) was an army cadet and in 1987, he clambered up a billboard overlooking Hoddle Street, a very busy street in Melbourne. That's Melbourne, Australia, in case you haven't been following along. As a disclaimer, I am not licensed to practice law in Australia, but the situation this case raises is one we face in the states where I am licensed to practice law. Plus, I'm going to bet that even if you don't own a license to practice law, you are still going to have an opinion on this one. Read on. As he climbed up the billboard, Knight took with him two rifles and a shotgun. As you've likely guessed, he then fired shots at numerous passing cars (as well as a police helicopter). He killed seven people and wounded 19 - thus the seven life sentences. Since the Hoddle Street massacre (as it became known) was in 1987, you're likely now asking. "why am I just hearing about this now?" That's because Knight now - some 26 years later - wants to be able to play on the computer while he's in jail. He wants a playstation. He also wants the computer so he can become a better jailhouse lawyer so he can fight his way out of jail legally. He's already been labeled as a vexatious litigant according to news sources, which means he pretty well understands how to file lawsuits from the jailhouse. He's apparently not very good at it, however, since he's still in jail. That's why he needs to conduct legal research on the computer. And play. After conducting legal research, I'm guessing that one of his arguments is that he needs to relax and rest your mind. I can attest to that need, but I'm just not sure that Australia is all that willing to plug a computer into his jail cell and attach a playstation to it just so Knight can relax after a hard day on the computer. By spending more time on the computer. Although that argument is lost on me, Knight's request isn't. The jailers turned down his request, so now he's suing to get a playstation in his jail cell. It raises the question of what constitutes punishment, retribution, rehabilitation and deterrance. Those are genreally considered the four main goals of our criminal justice system. As a society, we've also agreed with each other to avoid cruel and unusual punishment. Knight claims that there are other prisoners in his jail who have computers and playstations. Just not him, and he claims that disparate treatment is unfair. I suspect that if we were now able to ask those seven people who Knight killed whether it was fair that they were killed, they'd say no. But those answers don't seem to deter Knight from his request, if that thought even crossed his mind before he asked. Perhaps the jury that considers this question - if it ever got to a jury - should be made up of the 19 people who were wounded by Knight but survived, and see what they'd rule. My guess is that they'd say no. How would you rule? The Big Print Giveth and the Small Print Taketh AwayIn Other Words, Read What You Sign FirstPeople never cease to amaze me. Let's say you're a computer manufacturer in China, and you agree to sell, oh, say $2 million in computer parts to a computer company in the United States. Logistically, you've got one big problem on your hands. How do you get all of those parts from China to the US? They're too heavy for a plane and trucks don't float, so you choose a boat. Well, actually a freighter. You know, those great big boats with lots of containers to hold your computer parts. So here's the deal. The manufacturer signs a contract with a shipping company, and then sets off to make the parts. A year later, the parts are finished and loaded on the boat. Er, freighter. The shipping company, however, doesn't work with contracts, they work with Bills of Lading. So, the shipping company issues two bills of lading, one for each container. Those Bills of Lading, however, contain a limitation that prevents the manufacturer from suing them more than a year after the parts are delivered. That limitation was not in the original contract that the manufacturer and shipper signed. Well, as things sometimes happen, the deal went awry. The original contract said that the shipper was not to release the parts to the US computer company without the manufacturer's permission. As you have guessed, the shipper released the $2 million of computer parts to the US computer company without the manufacturer's permission. Unfortunately for the manufacturer, the US computer company filed for bankruptcy shortly after receiving the parts from the shipper, and never paid the manufacturer the $2 million. How this next part happened eludes me, but the manufacturer DIDN'T NOTICE that it hadn't been paid the $2 million FOR MORE THAN A YEAR. Must be nice to have that much money that you don't miss $2 million for a year. Wow. When the manufacturer finally woke up realized that the money was missing and the computer company had filed bankruptcy, it called the shipper and told the shipper to return the computer parts since it had never given permission to the shipper to release the parts to the computer company. The shipper fessed up and admitted that it had improperly released the computer parts without permission, but relying on the one-year limitation in its Bills of Lading, refused to pay the manufacturer. Not surprisingly, the manufacturer sued the shipper. Guess who wins here? That's right....the shipper. The manufacturer tried to rely solely on the original contract, but the court said that the Bills of Lading constituted a subsequent and valid contract, and the one-year limitation against suit was enforced. Just goes to show you. Read the small print on the back. That's where the one-year limitation was printed. Here's the actual court opinion. When Is a Volunteer an Employee Covered by Work Comp? It Depends on the Pixie Dust you Sprinkle.Well, Disneyland is in Orange County, after all, so the term "Pixie Dust" is considered jargon around here. Not legal jargon, mind you, but anyone who's gone to Disneyland understands. In this case, it means the words you use to get what you want. Let me give you the setup, even though the opinion is shy on details. Diane Marie Minish went to the Mount Madonna Center of the Hanuman Fellowship (a group that teaches the theory and practice of yoga). The Mount Madonna Center is a "conference and retreat center located on 355 acres of mountain-top redwood forest and grassland overlooking Monterey Bay, between Santa Cruz and Monterey, in Northern California," according to their website. Ohm. Are you relaxed now? It turns out that Ms. Minish went to the Center's property to visit a sick friend, and then when asked to get someone from elsewhere on the property, the Center directed her to hop on the forks of a forklift, and off she went. Well, you know what happened next. That's right. She fell, was injured and went off to the hosptial. Here's where the parties' stories differ. The Fellowship apparently submitted a workers' compensation claim for her and she started to get money, which she tried to return and informed the workers compensation appeal board that she was neither an employee nor a volunteer and that the work comp claim was fraud. The Fellowship listed her as a volunteer, and having previously sprinked the Pixie Dust of Labor Code section 3363.6 over its volunteers, submitted the work comp claim. This Labor Code section allows not-for-profit organizations to ensure that its volunteers are covered by worker's compensation just like their employees. It's a good idea for the non-profits - it avoids the liability for lawsuits like Ms. Minish's because once you're covered as either an employee or volunteer, your remedies against the non-profit are limited to the benefits provided under workers compensation. No tort or punitive damages liability. That's a big benefit for the non-profits. And if you've been following along like the diligent reader that you are, you just figured out the rub in this case. Yep. Ms. Minish didn't want the workers compensation benefits. She wanted the big money that was available in an everyday, run-of-the-mill personal injury lawsuit. The tort refomers are rolling over in their figurative graves. In this case, there are a series of unusual facts that resulted in reversing the trial court's judgment in favor of the non-profit, and allowing Ms. Minish to proceed to argue that she should recover tort and punitive damages and not be limited to only the workers compensation benefits. Those facts most interest the two parties - not you - because you've already learned what you came here to learn. If your non-profit wants to avoid getting sued by volunteers who get injured on your property, you must get a "Volunteer Endorsement" on your workers compensation employee and you must have your Board of Directors adopt the resolution required by California Labor Code section 3363.6. If you are a volunteer, you've learned not to hop on the forks of a fork lift and travel across uneven ground. You might fall and get hurt, and if you do, you just might be limited to workers compensation remedies. Especially if your non-profit got to this blog post first. When Is A 10¢ Charge Imposed by the Government Not A Tax?You'll be happy to know that the 10¢ charge that Los Angelinos are required to pay to grocery stores for using a paper bag isn't a tax, even though the charge was imposed by the Los Angles County Board of Supervisors. That's right, even though you get to pay more, it's really not a tax. Really. Let's think about this one for a minute. Ok. I'm done. How about you? Convinced yet? If not, then think about the argument that the County used to convince the state court (wonder why this case wasn't tried in federal court?): the County argued that it wasn't a tax because the money wasn't paid to the County. Actually, the ordinance allows the grocery stores to keep the 10¢ charge to offset the "cost of compliance." What? How much could it possibly cost to comply with this ordinance? There's some bagger at the end of the check out counter saying, "Hey there, customer, you have to pay 10¢ to use that paper bag." Right. That statement alone must cost the grocery store a whopping 10¢. Don't get me wrong here, I'm all for the purpose of the ordinance - eliminate the use of plastic bags, cut down on the use of paper bags and encourage grocery shoppers to bring reusable canvas bags. You knew, didn't you, that deep down, us Angelinos are all just grown-up hippies, tree huggers, earth-shoe wearing liberals who want to save the environment? Well, some of us actually rail at taxes. This case, Schmeer v. County of Los Angeles, had plenty of environmental star power at the helm (Surfrider Foundation and the Environment California Research and Policy Center), but this tax case went down in flames anyway. Judge Chalfant, an excellent judge, saw it the other way and looked past the wording of the ordinance and ruled that because the 10¢ charge didn't go to the County it wasn't a tax, reasoning that in order to be a tax, the money has to go to the County. Where the 10¢ charge stayed with the grocery store, neither Judge Chalfant nor Justice Croskey, writing for the Court of Appeal, thought we all expect taxes to go to the government, and when the money doesn't, it's not a tax. Sounds reasonable, until you read the wording of the definition of a tax. Nowhere in that definition do you see the reasoning that the money has to go to the government: "As used in this section, ‘tax' means any levy, charge, or exaction of any kind imposed by the State [County], except the following [five exceptions, none of which require that the money be paid to the State [County]]" I don't know about you, but that 10¢ charge sounds an awful lot like a tax to me, even if the money doesn't end up in the State's hands (which some of it will anyway, because the grocery store has to pay tax on its income, but that's a different story, they say). Maybe one of the parties will get the California Supreme Court's attention, and perhaps they will see it differently. The Endless Summer...Keep SurfAid Working Year 'RoundMy friend Paul Riehle is an avid surfer; he's one of those guys who's up at the crack of dawn and out on his surfboard enjoying what we Californians know as the endless summer. You can surf all year 'round here - of course you've got to wear something thicker than a 3/2 wetsuit in the winter, but as Jimmy Buffet says, "The weather is here. Wish you were beautiful." While Jimmy has a way with words, Paul's got a way with surfing. In fact, he's competing in the Malibu Cup, and is asking for your help to raise money. Here's Paul's plea: "I write because I am participating in the SurfAid Malibu Cup this Saturday, September 8. The Cup is a surfing competition to raise funds for SurfAid, a non-profit humanitarian organization with malaria eradication, emergency preparedness and response, and community health programs in Indonesia. I have been on the SurfAid Board since its inception. I am competing on the Beck Riehle Good Surf Team. Our goal is to raise the most money of any team before the event starts, thereby helping SurfAid." While you might not know Paul, you can get to know the good work that they do. In SurfAid's own words, "SurfAid is a non-profit humanitarian organization whose aim is to improve the health, well-being and self-reliance of people living in isolated regions connected to us through surfing." If you can't jum on your board this weekend to help raise money, you can donate by clicking on this link. Jury Awards $4.5 Million Punitive Damages Against Company With Negative Net WorthA Jury Run Amuck Or A Well-reasoned Punishment? Don't Jump To A Conclusion Until You Read Further...How could a jury be so insensitive? Certainly this jury is from one of those Judicial Hellholes! This is exactly why we need tort reform ... runaway juries ... just like that McDonald's spilled coffee cup case. You would expect to hear those comments after reading the first headline. But there's a clue in the subheadline that may cause you to pause for a moment and think that there just might be more than the first headline communicates. You'd be right. And you'd be one of those critical thinkers who realizes that the sound bite does a disservice to "the rest of the story," as Paul Harvey would have said. So here's the set up of Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor. Now I could spin these facts for you to put you in the mood for the ultimate outcome, but rather than do that, let's let the Court of Appeal tell you what the facts were as they saw it (omitting footnotes):
So there you have it. In the 1960's the company knew that it was exposing its workers to asbestos fibers, but did not warn its employees of the danger until 1987. The jury found ArvinMeritor liable for Gordon Bankhead's exposure to asbestos as the cause of his mesothelioma. After the liability and damages portion of the trial was completed, the Court asked the jury about punitive damages. Here's where it gets tricky. ArvinMeritor submitted financial statements that showed the company had a negative net worth. Despite that "upside down" financial statement, however, the jury awarded Gordon Bankhead $4.5 million in punitive damages. How could that possibly be, you ask? Well, before you get your knickers in a twist, read on and then decide (the following directly quotes the Court of Appeals):
Don't believe it? Judge for yourself with ArvinMeritor's financial statements. ArvinMeritor still exists as Meritor, and was a spinoff of Rockwell. Now that you've read why the jury awarded what it did, does the headline accurately tell the rest of the story? Hmmmm. Guess you'll have to keep a cynical eye on those headllines. Legal Crackdown on Human TraffickingLawyer2Lawyer Internet Radio PodcastHuman trafficking is "modern-day slavery." And if you think it isn't happening near you, think again. The United Nations estimates nearly 2.4 million people may be the victims of this crime. Please join me and my fellow Lawyer2Lawyer co-host and attorney, Bob Ambrogi, as we take a legal look at this troubling issue with Professor Bridgette Carr from the University of Michigan Law School, Attorney Ann Johnson from Houston, Texas and Mary C. Ellison, Director of Policy for Polaris Project. Click on the link below and give a listen! 
How Congress Takes A Congressional Junket Without Letting Anyone KnowMembers of Congress and their staffers who travel at the expense of private organizations must follow a long list of legal restrictions and requirements. However, there is a little known exemption that allows the same federal employees to travel with virtually no accountability and very little transparency. Please join me and my fellow Lawyer2Lawyer co-host and attorney, Bob Ambrogi, as we welome ProPublica.org reporter Justin Elliott and Washington University Law Professor Kathleen Clark to examine the ethics, legalities and secrecy of these Congressional trips abroad.
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